Virtual private networks are no longer just for tech enthusiasts and privacy buffs — they’ve become an essential tool for navigating a more restricted internet. VPNs offer a lifeline to digital freedom and security, from bypassing censorship to securing data from prying eyes.  

In the US, legislation in several states has blocked adult websites or placed them behind strict age gates. Regional policies limit access to various types of content, including streaming services and political materials. As more sites and services become geographically restricted, more individuals are using VPNs to bypass these blocks, protect their digital freedoms, and safeguard their data.

Also: The best VPN services (and how to choose the right one for you)

Beyond unblocking adult websites or region-locked media, many users worry about government surveillance, data retention laws, and the sale of personal browsing data by ISPs. A VPN addresses these privacy risks by encrypting your traffic and masking your IP address.

However, a VPN alone may not provide a comprehensive solution for network security or privacy concerns. To truly safeguard your data and enhance network privacy, combining a VPN with robust protocols like WireGuard and integrating them into advanced hardware setups (such as Firewalla and others mentioned below) can make a significant difference. 

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This guide outlines how to pair the open-source WireGuard protocol with Proton VPN, a Swiss-based provider celebrated for its strong privacy policies, and to integrate them into router-based setups for entire-network coverage. I’ll also explore advanced techniques like policy-based routing, IP passthrough, zero-trust segmentation, and even building your firewall router on Linux or FreeBSD.

Understanding VPN protocols and WireGuard

Many commercial VPNs (ExpressVPN, NordVPN, etc.) rely on proprietary protocols that often lock users into specific apps. 

For example, NordVPN’s NordLynx protocol is based on WireGuard but deviates from the standard implementation. It does not use standard WireGuard .conf files for direct use on routers. Instead, NordVPN (and ExpressVPN) employs the older OpenVPN protocol for router configurations, which is less performant and more complex to set up.

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In contrast, WireGuard provides a refreshing alternative with an open-source design, a tight codebase (4,000 lines total), and notably high performance. Its modern cryptographic methods and lean architecture result in lower latency and faster speeds than legacy protocols like OpenVPN or IPSec, making it an excellent fit for bypassing region locks, streaming content, or engaging in latency-sensitive tasks like gaming.

WireGuard’s key management is also straightforward and highly efficient. Each peer — whether a router, laptop, or smartphone — is assigned a public/private key pair, eliminating the need to manage complex certificates. This simplified design reduces the overall attack surface and eases auditing, as fewer lines of code typically mean fewer potential vulnerabilities.

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Notably, you can install WireGuard on a router (rather than on each device in your network), allowing all network traffic to pass through the secure tunnel without managing separate VPN clients or profiles on individual computers or mobile devices. This router-based approach is especially valuable for environments where multiple devices — from personal laptops to IoT gadgets — must be secured, as it centralizes the VPN configuration and simplifies network-wide encryption.

Legal and ethical disclaimer

Using VPNs to bypass regional blocks or consume restricted content may be unlawful in certain jurisdictions. VPNs bolster privacy but do not guarantee total anonymity. If you evade local laws concerning adult content, abortion information, or other regulated material, understand there may be legal consequences. Always research your VPN provider’s logging policies — some free solutions log user data or inject malware, compromising rather than enhancing user privacy.

WireGuard VPN providers

Although this article primarily showcases Proton VPN for its transparent WireGuard .conf files (no proprietary lock-in), strong no-log policy, and free vs. paid plan structure, many other reputable VPN providers offer WireGuard configuration files for router-based setups. These include:

• Mullvad – An independent, Swedish-based VPN service run by Mullvad VPN AB. Mullvad is praised for its no-email registration, strict no-logs policy, and the option to pay anonymously in cash or cryptocurrency.
• CyberGhost – Part of Kape Technologies, which owns ExpressVPN, Private Internet Access (PIA), and ZenMate. CyberGhost is known for specialized servers (streaming, torrenting) and user-friendly apps.
• Private Internet Access (PIA) – Another Kape Technologies brand, recognized for its large server network, advanced configurations like split tunneling, and its built-in ad/malware blocker (“PIA MACE”).
• Surfshark – Now under the Nord Security umbrella (following a 2022 merger), Surfshark is popular for unlimited device connections, ad/malware blocking (“CleanWeb”), and relatively budget-friendly pricing.

Many of these services let you select a server in their portal or app and generate a .conf file for WireGuard, which you can then import into your router. The basic steps — choosing a region, downloading the configuration, and applying it — are similar to those we’ll follow with Proton VPN below.

Why Proton VPN?

Proton VPN was founded in 2017 by the team behind Proton Mail, the world’s largest secure email service. Operated under the Swiss-based, non-profit Proton Foundation, Proton VPN prioritizes user privacy over profit-driven motives, similar to the Signal messaging service. Its structure ensures that no shareholders or external investors influence its mission, maintaining a focus on privacy and security.

Also: Proton VPN review: A very solid free VPN with robust leak protection

Proton generates revenue through paid subscription plans to sustain its services, but it remains a not-for-profit organization governed by the Proton Foundation. This unique approach allows Proton to regularly publish transparency reports, invest in independent security research, and avoid corporate ownership by large VPN conglomerates.

Proton VPN is a compelling choice for users seeking privacy-first, router-friendly configurations. Even on the free tier, Proton VPN delivers reliable and fast connections. Its focus on privacy extends to its router-friendly WireGuard configurations, which are transparent and free of proprietary lock-in. Proton VPN’s tiered Free and Paid plans cater to a broad range of needs.

Plan	Free	Paid
Server Locations	3–5 countries (limited)	110 countries (city-level selection)
Speed	Decent, not guaranteed	Often near max ISP speeds, priority servers
Advanced Features	Basic NetShield (ad block)	Full NetShield, multi-hop, Secure Core
Devices	1 device	10+ devices (tier-dependent)
Performance	~50–70% of ISP bandwidth	Potentially close to full ISP bandwidth

Step-by-Step: Using WireGuard on Proton VPN

Step 1: Create a Proton VPN account

• Visit ProtonVPN.com and click Get Proton VPN Free.
• Choose a Free or Paid plan, depending on your needs.
• Verify your account via email.
• Log in to your Proton VPN dashboard once your account is confirmed.

 Step 2: Generate your WireGuard configuration

• Go to Downloads (or the WireGuard Configuration section) in your Proton VPN dashboard.
• Enter a descriptive name for your configuration in the “Device/certificate name” field, such as “ZDNET Test Router.”
• Choose Router (or whichever platform you’re setting up).
• Configure NetShield (ad/malware blocker) by selecting the desired filter level, or leave it off if you prefer.
• (Optional) Enable NAT/PMP (for port forwarding) or Moderate NAT based on your networking needs.
• (Optional) Check “VPN Accelerator” to improve speeds, if supported.
• Pick a standard server or region. Proton VPN may also auto-select the best server based on load.
• Click Create (or “Download”) to generate and save the .conf file.

Step 3: Configure your router

• Log in to your router’s admin interface (commonly accessed via 192.168.x.x).
• Navigate to the VPN / WireGuard settings section.
• Import or Paste the Proton VPN .conf file you downloaded. Some routers let you upload the file directly; others might require copying the keys, peer settings, and endpoint details manually.
• Save your changes and enable the WireGuard interface or tunnel.

Step 4: Enable IP Passthrough or Bridge Mode (if needed)

If your ISP modem also acts as a router (e.g., AT&T BGW-320, Arris, etc.), you risk double NAT (Network Address Translation) unless you enable “Bridge Mode” or “IP Passthrough.” This configuration ensures your custom router (Firewalla, OpenWRT, or another) receives a public IP directly, managing NAT independently.

• Access the ISP gateway’s admin interface (often 192.168.1.254 or 192.168.0.1).
• Locate Bridge Mode or IP Passthrough in the advanced settings.
• Assign the MAC address of your router as the passthrough device.
• Save and reboot both devices.

Step 5: Verify your connection

• Check your public IP at ipinfo.io. It should show Proton VPN’s server location. Speedtest.net will also display your IP configuration.
• (Optional) Run a ping or traceroute to confirm stable routing.
• All traffic on your network should now traverse the WireGuard tunnel.

Which routers support WireGuard?

Many router manufacturers are adding native WireGuard support to their devices. Asus, Netgear, and Linksys regularly include WireGuard in their firmware updates, especially for mid-to-high-end models. Open-source firmware platforms like OpenWRT also offer extensive support, making them an excellent choice for advanced users. 

Other router options

GL.iNet OpenWRT-based routers come pre-loaded with WireGuard, making them ideal travel VPN routers. 

OpenWRT One, developed by the Software Freedom Conservancy and Banana Pi, is a $89 dual-band Wi-Fi 6 router (available from Amazon fully assembled for US and EU power supplies) with full OpenWRT firmware. It features a 2.5GbE PoE WAN port, an M.2 slot for hardware add-ons, and a hardware switch to prevent bricking by toggling between NOR and NAND memory. Because it’s standard OpenWRT, you can access thousands of packages (including WireGuard) and frequent security updates.

Also: This powerful firewall delivers enterprise-level security at a home office price

Firewalla Purple and Gold series devices are widely praised for their simple configuration, high performance, and mobile app. Its new AP7 Wi-Fi 7 access point allows zero-trust segmentation, meaning you can isolate IoT gadgets on separate networks to minimize the impact if one device is compromised. Firewalla routers also offer multiple VPN profiles, letting you fine-tune which devices or users tunnel through WireGuard.

If you have enterprise-level or advanced requirements, consider a Firewalla Gold Pro, Ubiquiti Dream Machine, Mikrotik, OPNSense, or Netgate device for robust VLAN configurations, advanced QoS, and large-scale LAN deployments.  

Advanced tips and security best practices

• Key rotation: Change your WireGuard keys periodically to reduce the chance of compromised credentials over time. Proton issues profiles that are valid for one year until a new profile import is required.
• Hardware constraints: Lower-power routers (~700 MHz single-core) might cap out at ~100 Mbps for WireGuard, while dual-core ARM or x86 at 1.4+ GHz CPUs on these devices can handle hundreds of Mbps or more. (Firewalla Gold Pro can handle 2Gbps WireGuard connections.)
• Kill switch/fail-closed: In advanced firewall OSes (pfSense, OPNsense), you can configure firewall rules that drop all traffic if the VPN goes down, preventing accidental leaks.
• Zero-trust segmentation: Isolate IoT or guest devices on separate SSIDs/VLANs. If a device is breached, attackers can’t easily pivot across the rest of your network.

Building your WireGuard-compatible firewall router on Linux or FreeBSD

For advanced users, building a WireGuard-compatible firewall router using open-source platforms like Linux or FreeBSD offers near-limitless customization. Solutions such as OPNsense and pfSense (FreeBSD-based) or OpenWRT and IPFire (Linux-based) provide robust options for integrating WireGuard at the OS level. These platforms allow for refined firewall rules, VLAN management, bandwidth shaping, and multi-WAN failover. While setup requires more technical expertise and hardware compatibility considerations, the payoff is unmatched control over advanced routing and security features.  

Next steps

After you’ve set up WireGuard on a router via Proton VPN:

• Explore multi-hop/secure core: Proton VPN’s paid plans offer layered routing for heightened privacy.
• Check WAN failover: If your router supports dual WAN or cellular backup, set up automatic failover so your VPN reconnects if one link drops.
• Refine policy-based routing: Split tunneling allows selective encryption, perfect for devices that need local content or minimal latency (e.g. gaming consoles).
• Self-host WireGuard: Platforms like AWS Lightsail, Linode, or DigitalOcean let you build your own VPN server, cutting out third-party operators entirely.
• Intrusion detection: Tools like Suricata or Snort on OPNsense or pfSense can monitor and block suspicious traffic in real time.

The increasing need for router-based VPNs

Growing geoblocks, censorship laws, and privacy concerns have made VPNs indispensable for many users. WireGuard stands out with its speed, simplicity, and open-source ethos. Proton VPN offers a robust, privacy-centric VPN that’s straightforward to deploy on a wide range of routers, including Firewalla’s Gold Series/AP7 for zero-trust segmentation or OpenWRT One for budget-friendly Wi-Fi 6 performance.

Also: How we test VPNs in 2025

With proper planning, you can maintain the freedom to access geo-blocked content and the security to navigate the modern web safely.