I’ve been around technology long enough that very little excites me, and even less surprises me. But shortly after OpenAI’s ChatGPT was released, I asked it to write a WordPress plugin for my wife’s e-commerce site. When it did, and the plugin worked, I was indeed surprised.
That was the beginning of my deep exploration into chatbots and AI-assisted programming. Since then, I’ve subjected 14 large language models (LLMs) to four real-world tests.
Also: I tested 10 AI content detectors – and these 5 correctly identified AI text every time
Unfortunately, not all chatbots can code alike. It’s been a little over two years since that first test, and even now, four of the 13 LLMs I tested can’t create working plugins.
The short version
In this article, I’ll show you how each LLM performed against my tests. There are now four chatbots I recommend you use.
Two of them, ChatGPT Plus and Perplexity Pro, cost $20/month each. The free versions of the same chatbots do well enough that you could probably get by without paying. Two other recommended products are from Google and Microsoft. Google’s Gemini Pro 2.5 is free, but you’re limited to so few queries that you really can’t use it without paying. Microsoft has a bunch of Copilot licenses, which can get pricey, but I used the free version with surprisingly good results.
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But the rest, whether free or paid, are not so great. I won’t risk my programming projects with them or recommend that you do, until their performance improves.
I’ve written a lot about using AIs to help with programming. Unless it’s a small, simple project like my wife’s plugin, AIs can’t write entire apps or programs. But they excel at writing a few lines and are not bad at fixing code.
Rather than repeat everything I’ve written, go ahead and read this article: How to use ChatGPT to write code.
If you want to understand my coding tests, why I’ve chosen them, and why they’re relevant to this review of the 13 LLMs, read this article: How I test an AI chatbot’s coding ability.
The AI coding leaderboard
Let’s start with a comparative look at how the chatbots performed:
Next, let’s look at each chatbot individually. I’ll discuss 13 chatbots, even though I showcased 14 LLMs last time. GPT-4 is no longer included since OpenAI has sunsetted that LLM. Ready? Let’s go.
- Passed all tests
- Solid coding results
- Mac app
- Hallucinations
- No Windows app yet
- Sometimes uncooperative
- Price: $20/mo
- LLM: GPT-4o, GPT-3.5
- Desktop browser interface: Yes
- Dedicated Mac app: Yes
- Dedicated Windows app: No
- Multi-factor authentication: Yes
- Tests passed: 4 of 4
ChatGPT Plus with GPT-4o passed all my tests. One of my favorite features is the availability of a dedicated app. When I test web programming, I have my browser set on one thing, my IDE open, and the ChatGPT Mac app running on a separate screen.
Also: I put GPT-4o through my coding tests and it aced them – except for one weird result
In addition, Logitech’s Prompt Builder, which pops up using a mouse button, can be set up to use the upgraded GPT-4o and connect to your OpenAI account, making it a simple thumb tap to run a prompt, which is very convenient.
The only thing I didn’t like was that one of my GPT-4o tests resulted in a dual-choice answer, and one of those answers was wrong. I’d rather it just gave me the correct answer. Even so, a quick test confirmed which answer would work. But that issue was a bit annoying.
- Multiple LLMs
- Search criteria displayed
- Good sourcing
- Email-only login
- No desktop app
- Price: $20/mo
- LLM: GPT-4o, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, Sonar Large, Claude 3 Opus, Llama 3.1 405B
- Desktop browser interface: Yes
- Dedicated Mac app: No
- Dedicated Windows app: No
- Multi-factor authentication: No
- Tests passed: 4 of 4
I seriously considered listing Perplexity Pro as the best overall AI chatbot for coding, but one failing kept it out of the top slot: how you log in. Perplexity doesn’t use a username/password or passkey and doesn’t have multi-factor authentication. All the tool does is email you a login PIN. The AI doesn’t have a separate desktop app, as ChatGPT does for Macs.
What sets Perplexity apart from other tools is that it can run multiple LLMs. While you can’t set an LLM for a given session, you can easily go into the settings and choose the active model.
Also: Can Perplexity Pro help you code? It aced my programming tests – thanks to GPT-4
For programming, you’ll probably want to stick to GPT-4o, because that aced all our tests. But it might be interesting to cross-check code across the different LLMs. For example, if you have GPT-4o write some regular expression code, you might consider switching to a different LLM to see what that LLM thinks of the generated code.
As we’ll see below, most LLMs are unreliable, so don’t take the results as gospel. However, you can use the results to give you more things to check in your original code. It’s sort of like an AI-driven code review.
Just don’t forget to switch back to GPT-4o.
- Price: Free for limited use, then token-based pricing
- LLM: Gemini Pro 2.5
- Desktop browser interface: Yes
- Dedicated Mac app: No
- Dedicated Windows app: No
- Multi-factor authentication: Yes
- Tests passed: 4 of 4
The last time I looked at Gemini, it failed miserably. Not quite as bad as Copilot at the time, but bad. Gemini Pro 2.5, however, has performed quite admirably. My only real issue with it is access. I found myself cut off from the free version after only running two of the four tests.
Also: Gemini Pro 2.5 is a stunningly capable coding assistant – and a big threat to ChatGPT
I waited a day and then ran the third test and got cut off again. Finally, on the third day, I ran my fourth test. Obviously, you can’t do any real programming if you can just ask one or two questions before being shut down. So if you sign up to Gemini Pro 2.5, do be aware that Google charges by tokens (basically how much AI you use). That can make it quite difficult to predict your expenses.
- Price: Free for basic Copilot, or fees for other Copilot licenses
- LLM: Undisclosed
- Desktop browser interface: Yes
- Dedicated Mac app: No
- Dedicated Windows app: No
- Multi-factor authentication: Yes
- Tests passed: 4 of 4
In all my previous looks at Microsoft Copilot, the results were the worst of any LLM. Copilot got nothing right. It was astonishing how bad it was. But I said then that, “The one positive thing is that Microsoft always learns from its mistakes. So, I’ll check back later and see if this result improves.”
Also: I retested Microsoft Copilot’s AI coding skills in 2025 and now it’s got serious game
And boy did it ever. This time out, Microsoft passed all four of my tests. Even better, it did it with the free version of Copilot. Yes, Microsoft has a whole lot of paid programs for Copilot, but if you just want to give it a spin and use it, point yourself to Copilot and just use it.
- Different LLM than ChatGPT
- Good descriptions
- Free access
- Only available in browser mode
- Free access likely only temporary
- Price: Free (for now)
- LLM: Grok-1
- Desktop browser interface: Yes
- Dedicated Mac app: No
- Dedicated Windows app: No
- Multi-factor authentication: Yes
- Tests passed: 3 of 4
I have to say, Grok surprised me. I guess I didn’t have high hopes for an LLM that appeared tacked onto the Social Network Formerly Known as Twitter. But then again, X is now owned by Elon Musk, and two of Musk’s companies, Tesla and SpaceX, have towering AI capabilities.
It’s unclear how much of the Tesla and SpaceX AI DNA went into Grok, but we can assume there will likely be more work. As it is now, Grok is the only LLM not based on OpenAI LLMs that made it into the recommended list.
Also: X’s Grok did surprisingly well in my AI coding tests
Grok did make one mistake, but it was a relatively minor one that a slightly more comprehensive prompt could easily remedy. Yes, it failed the test. But by passing the others and even doing an almost perfect job on the one it passed, it earned itself a spot as a contender.
Stay tuned. This is one to watch.
- Prompt throttling
- Could cut you off in the middle of whatever you’re working on
- Price: Free
- LLM: GPT-4o, GPT-3.5
- Desktop browser interface: Yes
- Dedicated Mac app: Yes
- Dedicated Windows app: No
- Multi-factor authentication: Yes
- Tests passed: 3 of 4 in GPT-3.5 mode
ChatGPT is available to anyone for free. While both the Plus and free versions support GPT-4o, which passed all my programming tests, the free app has limitations.
OpenAI treats free ChatGPT users as if they’re in the cheap seats. If traffic is high or the servers are busy, the free version of ChatGPT will only make GPT-3.5 available to free users. The tool will only allow you a certain number of queries before it downgrades or shuts you off.
Also: How to use ChatGPT to write code – and my favorite trick to debug what it generates
I’ve had several occasions when the free version of ChatGPT effectively told me I’d asked too many questions.
ChatGPT is a great tool, as long as you don’t mind getting shut down sometimes. Even GPT-3.5 did better on the tests than all the other chatbots, and the test it failed was for a fairly obscure programming tool produced by a lone programmer in Australia.
So, if budget is important to you and you can wait when cut off, go for ChatGPT free.
- Free
- Passed most tests
- Range of research tools
- Limited to GPT-3.5
- Throttles prompt results
- Price: Free
- LLM: GPT-3.5
- Desktop browser interface: Yes
- Dedicated Mac app: No
- Dedicated Windows app: No
- Multi-factor authentication: No
- Tests passed: 3 of 4
I’m threading a pretty fine needle here, but because Perplexity AI’s free version is based on GPT-3.5, the test results were measurably better than the other AI chatbots.
Also: 5 reasons why I prefer Perplexity over every other AI chatbot
From a programming perspective, that’s pretty much the whole story. But from a research and organization perspective, my ZDNET colleague Steven Vaughan-Nichols prefers Perplexity over the other AIs.
He likes how Perplexity provides more complete sources for research questions, cites its sources, organizes the replies, and offers questions for further searches.
So if you’re programming, but also doing other research, consider the free version of Perplexity.
- Free
- Open Source
- Efficient resource utilization
- Weak general knowledge
- Small ecosystem
- Limited integrations
- Price: Free for chatbot, fees for API
- LLM: DeepSeek MoE
- Desktop browser interface: Yes
- Dedicated Mac app: No
- Dedicated Windows app: No
- Multi-factor authentication: No
- Tests passed: 3 of 4
While DeepSeek R1 is the new reasoning hotness from China that has all the pundits punditing, the real power right now (at least according to our tests) is DeepSeek V3. This chatbot passed almost all of our coding tests, doing as well as the (now mostly discontinued) ChatGPT 3.5.
Also: I tested DeepSeek’s R1 and V3 coding skills – and we’re not all doomed (yet)
Where DeepSeek V3 fell down was in its knowledge of somewhat more obscure programming environments. Still, it beat out Google’s Gemini, Microsoft’s Copilot, and Meta’s Meta AI, which is quite the accomplishment all on its own. We’ll be keeping a close watch on each DeepSeek model, so stay tuned.
Chatbots to avoid for programming help
I tested 13 LLMs, and nine passed most of my tests this time around. The other chatbots, including a few pitched as great for programming, only passed one of my tests.
Also: The five biggest mistakes people make when prompting an AI
I’m mentioning them here because people will ask, and I did test them thoroughly. Some bots do just fine for other work, so I’ll point you to their general reviews if you’re curious about how they function.
DeepSeek R1
Unlike DeepSeek V3, the advanced reasoning version DeepSeek R1 did not showcase its reasoning capabilities when it came to our programming tests. It was odd that the new failure area was one that’s not all that hard, even for a basic AI — the regular expression code for our string function test.
Also: I tested DeepSeek’s R1 and V3 coding skills – and we’re not all doomed (yet)
But that’s why we are running these real-world tests. It’s never clear where an AI will hallucinate or just plain fail, and before you go believing all the hype about DeepSeek R1 taking the crown away from ChatGPT, run some programming tests. So far, while I’m impressed with the much-reduced resource utilization and the open-source nature of the product, its coding quality output is inconsistent.
GitHub Copilot
GitHub’s Copilot integrates quite seamlessly with VS Code. It makes asking for coding help quick and productive, especially when working in context. That’s why it’s so disappointing that the code it writes can often be very wrong.
Also: I put GitHub Copilot’s AI to the test – and it just might be terrible at writing code
I can’t, in good conscience, recommend you use the GitHub Copilot extensions for VS Code. I’m concerned that the temptation will be too great to just insert blocks of code without sufficient testing — and that GitHub Copilot’s produced code is not ready for production use. Try again next year.
Meta AI
Meta AI is Facebook’s general-purpose AI. As you can see above, it failed three of our four tests.
Also: 15 ways AI saved me time at work in 2024 – and how I plan to use it in 2025
The AI generated a nice user interface but with zero functionality. It also found my annoying bug, which is a fairly serious challenge. Given the specific knowledge required to find the bug, I was surprised it choked on a simple regular expression challenge. But it did.
Meta Code Llama
Meta Code Llama is Facebook’s AI explicitly designed for coding help. It’s something you can download and install on your server. I tested it running on a Hugging Face AI instance.
Also: Can Meta AI code? I tested it against Llama, Gemini, and ChatGPT – it wasn’t even close
Weirdly, even though both Meta AI and Meta Code Llama choked on three of four of my tests, they choked on different problems. AIs can’t be counted on to give the same answer twice, but this result was a surprise. We’ll see if that changes over time.
Claude 3.5 Sonnet
Anthropic claims the 3.5 Sonnet version of its Claude AI chatbot is ideal for programming. After failing all but one test, I’m not so sure.
If you’re not using it for programming, Claude may be a better choice than the free version of ChatGPT.
My ZDNET colleague Maria Diaz reports that Claude can handle uploaded files, process more words than the free version of ChatGPT, provide information roughly a year more current than GPT-3.5, and access websites.
But I like [insert name here]. Does this mean I have to use a different chatbot?
Probably not. I’ve limited my tests to day-to-day programming tasks. None of the bots has been asked to talk like a pirate, write prose, or draw a picture. In the same way we use different productivity tools to accomplish specific tasks, feel free to choose the AI that helps you complete the task at hand.
The only issue is if you’re on a budget and are paying for a pro version. Then, find the AI that does most of what you want, so you don’t have to pay for too many AI add-ons.
It’s only a matter of time
The results of my tests were pretty surprising, especially given the significant improvements by Microsoft and Google. But this area of innovation is improving at warp speed, so we’ll be back with updated tests and results over time. Stay tuned.
Have you used any of these AI chatbots for programming? What has your experience been? Let us know in the comments below.
You can follow my day-to-day project updates on social media. Be sure to subscribe to my weekly update newsletter, and follow me on Twitter/X at @DavidGewirtz, on Facebook at Facebook.com/DavidGewirtz, on Instagram at Instagram.com/DavidGewirtz, and on YouTube at YouTube.com/DavidGewirtzTV.
